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2024農業產業化聯合體發展模式探索

時(shi)間:2022-12-29 10:37:00 閱讀(du):1323 整理:成都市場調查公司

農(nong)業產(chan)(chan)業化聯合體是構建現代農(nong)業經營(ying)體系、促進鄉村產(chan)(chan)業興(xing)旺的重要(yao)載體。實施(shi)鄉村振興(xing)戰略(lve),首(shou)要(yao)的是產(chan)(chan)業興(xing)旺。產(chan)(chan)業興(xing)旺離不開新型(xing)農(nong)業經營(ying)主體的帶動,離不開現代農(nong)業經營(ying)體系的支撐(cheng)。

農業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)化聯合(he)體(ti)是以農業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)化龍頭企業(ye)(ye)為核(he)心、農民專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)合(he)作社為紐帶(dai)、家庭(ting)農場和專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)大(da)戶(hu)為基礎,以分工協作為前提(ti),以規模經營(ying)為依托,通(tong)過股(gu)份合(he)作、訂單(dan)生(sheng)產等利(li)益聯結形式,形成的(de)關聯緊(jin)密(mi)、分工明確、鏈條完整、利(li)益共享的(de)緊(jin)密(mi)型組(zu)織聯盟(meng)。

新型農業產業化聯合體的調查分析

近年來,各地(di)按(an)照中央提出的促進(jin)農(nong)村一(yi)二三產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)融合(he)(he)(he)(he)發展的要求,開展了(le)形(xing)式多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)的產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)融合(he)(he)(he)(he)模式探索。其中,安(an)徽省通過發展現代農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)化聯(lian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti),有(you)效解決了(le)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品供需錯配、稀(xi)缺(que)要素導(dao)入不暢、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)經營主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)功能定(ding)位不清等難點(dian)問題。聯(lian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)將市(shi)場信(xin)息經由龍頭企業(ye)(ye)判別轉化為生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)決策,沿產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈反向傳(chuan)導(dao)至(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)環節(jie),同處產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈上下(xia)游(you)的主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)實現信(xin)用共(gong)享、風險內控,降低了(le)資本導(dao)入的風險和交易成本,將聯(lian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)降本增效的整體(ti)(ti)(ti)增值收益合(he)(he)(he)(he)理回饋主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti),實現多(duo)(duo)元主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)優(you)勢互(hu)補、分工合(he)(he)(he)(he)作、相(xiang)互(hu)配合(he)(he)(he)(he),極大(da)調動(dong)了(le)各主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)融合(he)(he)(he)(he)發展的積極性。

隨著家庭農場(chang)、農民(min)(min)合作(zuo)社等各類新(xin)型農業(ye)經營(ying)主體(ti)(ti)的(de)成(cheng)長發(fa)展(zhan),農業(ye)產業(ye)化(hua)經營(ying)組(zu)織帶動農民(min)(min)發(fa)展(zhan)、共同致富的(de)模式也在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)創新(xin)。安徽、河北(bei)等地探索形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了由(you)一家龍頭(tou)企(qi)業(ye)牽(qian)頭(tou)、多個農民(min)(min)合作(zuo)社和(he)家庭農場(chang)參與(yu)、用服務和(he)收益聯(lian)成(cheng)一體(ti)(ti)的(de)聯(lian)合體(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)態。這對于新(xin)形(xing)(xing)勢(shi)下創新(xin)完善(shan)利(li)益聯(lian)結(jie)機制、構建農戶(hu)參與(yu)并分享現(xian)代農業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)果、促進鄉村(cun)振興開(kai)辟了一條新(xin)途徑(jing)。

農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)聯(lian)(lian)合體(ti),我國農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展中的(de)又一(yi)新(xin)(xin)概念。農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)聯(lian)(lian)合體(ti)是龍頭企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、農(nong)民合作社和家庭農(nong)場等新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)主體(ti)以(yi)分工協作為(wei)前(qian)提(ti),以(yi)規模經營(ying)為(wei)依托,以(yi)利益聯(lian)(lian)結為(wei)紐帶(dai)的(de)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)組(zu)織聯(lian)(lian)盟。

農業產業化龍頭企業和聯合體的支持力度

培育農(nong)(nong)業(ye)產業(ye)化聯(lian)合(he)(he)體。我部指(zhi)導(dao)各地發展(zhan)一(yi)批龍頭企業(ye)牽頭、農(nong)(nong)民合(he)(he)作社和家庭農(nong)(nong)場跟進、廣大小農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)參與(yu)的(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)產業(ye)化聯(lian)合(he)(he)體,建(jian)立緊密(mi)利益聯(lian)結(jie)機制,實現抱團發展(zhan)。

我國獨特(te)的(de)資源稟賦、文化(hua)(hua)(hua)傳統、政治制度等以(yi)及時代(dai)發展大勢,決定了我國農業(ye)農村(cun)現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)特(te)殊路(lu)徑、價(jia)值追求、顯著優勢、巨大潛(qian)力。應置身中(zhong)國式現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)宏大背景,全面考察、深刻把握農業(ye)農村(cun)現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)中(zhong)國特(te)色。

規模巨大、“四化”同步,蘊含著我國農業農村現代化的開創性意義。

不同(tong)的(de)(de)人口規模(mo)意味著迥異的(de)(de)現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)難(nan)(nan)度(du)系數。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)有超過14億(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)人口,其中農(nong)(nong)村人口約5億(yi)(yi)人,這(zhe)(zhe)一巨(ju)量級(ji)的(de)(de)人口要(yao)實(shi)現現代(dai)化(hua)(hua),是(shi)人類歷史上絕無僅有的(de)(de)偉大(da)(da)創舉(ju)。人口規模(mo)巨(ju)大(da)(da),意味著糧(liang)食安(an)全保(bao)障之難(nan)(nan),需要(yao)以(yi)約占(zhan)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)7%的(de)(de)耕地(di)(di)資源,養活占(zhan)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)22%的(de)(de)人口并實(shi)現現代(dai)化(hua)(hua);意味著艱巨(ju)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)村剩余勞(lao)動力轉移任務、龐大(da)(da)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)村公共(gong)服務需求、巨(ju)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)基(ji)層(ceng)治(zhi)理難(nan)(nan)度(du)。這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)意味著,“人多地(di)(di)少”“大(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)小農(nong)(nong)”的(de)(de)基(ji)本國(guo)(guo)情、農(nong)(nong)情。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)人均耕地(di)(di)面積(ji)僅為世(shi)界(jie)(jie)平均水平的(de)(de)1/2,農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)均經營規模(mo)7.8畝(mu),大(da)(da)致(zhi)相(xiang)當于歐(ou)盟的(de)(de)1/40和美國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)1/400,經營耕地(di)(di)10畝(mu)以(yi)下的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)達2.1億(yi)(yi)戶(hu)(hu)(hu),95%的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)于世(shi)界(jie)(jie)銀行劃(hua)定的(de)(de)“小農(nong)(nong)”范疇。這(zhe)(zhe)對我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)推(tui)動小農(nong)(nong)與現代(dai)農(nong)(nong)業相(xiang)銜接、適度(du)規模(mo)經營、提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)業全要(yao)素生產率以(yi)及(ji)穩步推(tui)進城鎮化(hua)(hua)等(deng)提出了更高(gao)要(yao)求。除了人口規模(mo),我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)區(qu)域差(cha)(cha)別也(ye)是(shi)巨(ju)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)地(di)(di)域廣闊,不同(tong)地(di)(di)區(qu)地(di)(di)理、氣候、經濟基(ji)礎等(deng)條件千差(cha)(cha)萬別,面臨的(de)(de)問題各不相(xiang)同(tong),制定農(nong)(nong)業政策等(deng)難(nan)(nan)度(du)更大(da)(da),對因地(di)(di)制宜、推(tui)動差(cha)(cha)異化(hua)(hua)發展的(de)(de)要(yao)求也(ye)更高(gao)。

與(yu)西(xi)方(fang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)“串聯式(shi)(shi)”發(fa)(fa)展路(lu)徑(jing)不(bu)同,中(zhong)國式(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)“并聯式(shi)(shi)”發(fa)(fa)展過程。從(cong)增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)度(du)看,西(xi)方(fang)國家(jia)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)大(da)多經歷了200多年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間跨度(du),我(wo)國真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)從(cong)新(xin)中(zhong)國成立算起,建成目標時間是(shi)2049年(nian)(nian),跨度(du)為100年(nian)(nian)。高度(du)壓(ya)縮的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua),意味著(zhu)(zhu)必須保(bao)持一(yi)個(ge)顯著(zhu)(zhu)高于(yu)西(xi)方(fang)國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟增(zeng)速(su),也要求農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)跟進(jin)(jin),以(yi)提供糧(liang)食、勞(lao)動(dong)力、土(tu)(tu)地、原材料等支撐和保(bao)障。從(cong)協調的(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)度(du)看,西(xi)方(fang)國家(jia)“串聯式(shi)(shi)”現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)、城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)、信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)依次(ci)發(fa)(fa)展,界限相(xiang)對分明而(er)又相(xiang)互(hu)銜接,我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)“四化(hua)(hua)”是(shi)疊加的(de)(de)(de)(de),上(shang)一(yi)個(ge)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展任(ren)務尚(shang)未完成,就(jiu)不(bu)得不(bu)同時面對下一(yi)個(ge)階段任(ren)務。比如,農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)必然伴(ban)隨農(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)減少,西(xi)方(fang)國家(jia)通過工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)機器代(dai)(dai)替人(ren)(ren)力效(xiao)應(ying)和城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)勞(lao)動(dong)力減少效(xiao)應(ying),可以(yi)水(shui)到渠成,而(er)我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)在城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)走過半程時就(jiu)啟動(dong)了,還有數(shu)億農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)移人(ren)(ren)口尚(shang)未融(rong)入城市,這就(jiu)要求既加快(kuai)(kuai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)移人(ren)(ren)口市民(min)化(hua)(hua)進(jin)(jin)程,又保(bao)留農(nong)(nong)民(min)對土(tu)(tu)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關權(quan)益。強化(hua)(hua)系統觀念(nian),注(zhu)重(zhong)揚長避短(duan),激活“四化(hua)(hua)”同步“乘(cheng)數(shu)效(xiao)應(ying)”,就(jiu)能(neng)推動(dong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體躍升(sheng),為人(ren)(ren)類社會現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)提供嶄新(xin)案(an)例。

共同富裕、土地公有,蘊含著我國農業農村現代化的根本性旨歸。

共(gong)(gong)同(tong)富(fu)裕(yu)的(de)(de)(de)前提是要增加城(cheng)鄉(xiang)收入的(de)(de)(de)絕對量、縮小(xiao)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)差距的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對值。黨的(de)(de)(de)十八大以來,我國(guo)(guo)(guo)7.7億農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)貧(pin)(pin)困人口(kou)擺脫貧(pin)(pin)困。目前,中等(deng)(deng)(deng)收入群體超過(guo)4億人。從資本主義現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)史看,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)發展受資本至(zhi)上、利(li)益至(zhi)上邏(luo)輯的(de)(de)(de)主導(dao),極易導(dao)致貧(pin)(pin)富(fu)分化(hua)和(he)小(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)困境,很多(duo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)仍(reng)過(guo)著貧(pin)(pin)窮的(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)(huo)。20世紀中期以后,一些西方(fang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)為了(le)緩(huan)解(jie)社(she)會矛(mao)盾,開始調整政策,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)生產生活(huo)(huo)水平有所提升,但仍(reng)存在(zai)過(guo)度(du)規模化(hua)導(dao)致農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業寡頭、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活(huo)(huo)設施建設缺乏、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)生活(huo)(huo)不確(que)定性增加、西式民(min)主邊(bian)緣化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)訴求(qiu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)明顯弊端。而(er)在(zai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)式現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)進(jin)程中,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)不僅(jin)注重實質(zhi)上的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)優先發展,而(er)且(qie)注重推動城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合;不僅(jin)保(bao)障(zhang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)、住(zhu)房、醫療、教育等(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)質(zhi)條件,而(er)且(qie)保(bao)障(zhang)教育、文化(hua)、科技、環境等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步和(he)提高;不僅(jin)確(que)保(bao)發達地(di)區(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)富(fu)裕(yu),而(er)且(qie)追求(qiu)落后地(di)區(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)也能實現(xian)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)富(fu)裕(yu)。

土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)人類賴以生(sheng)存與發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)首要生(sheng)產資(zi)料,更(geng)是(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)建設的(de)(de)基本(ben)條(tiao)件。在(zai)(zai)資(zi)本(ben)主(zhu)(zhu)義土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)私有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下,容易出(chu)現(xian)(xian)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民失地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)乃至貧困(kun)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),17世紀英國(guo)圈地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)運動(dong)就(jiu)上演了(le)一(yi)(yi)幕幕“羊吃人”的(de)(de)悲慘現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。而如今(jin),不(bu)少資(zi)本(ben)主(zhu)(zhu)義國(guo)家(jia)存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)眾(zhong)多(duo)城市“貧民窟”也是(shi)(shi)其表現(xian)(xian)之一(yi)(yi)。此外,一(yi)(yi)些國(guo)家(jia)對土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)掠奪性開發(fa)(fa),在(zai)(zai)推動(dong)經濟增長的(de)(de)同時(shi),也導致了(le)過度(du)開發(fa)(fa)、破壞生(sheng)態環境(jing)和資(zi)源(yuan)枯(ku)竭等惡果。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)過去的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)進程中,土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)公有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成為“中國(guo)奇跡”的(de)(de)最大(da)奧秘之一(yi)(yi),國(guo)家(jia)能夠根據(ju)發(fa)(fa)展需要,在(zai)(zai)實(shi)行(xing)最嚴格的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)同時(shi),進行(xing)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)經濟和社會規(gui)劃(hua),推動(dong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)合理有(you)效(xiao)開發(fa)(fa),有(you)力保(bao)障了(le)工業化(hua)、城鎮化(hua)。從農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)來(lai)看,農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集(ji)體所有(you)是(shi)(shi)推進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業供給(gei)側結構性改(gai)革的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)必選項,是(shi)(shi)既能提高(gao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)利(li)(li)(li)用效(xiao)率又能保(bao)障農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民利(li)(li)(li)益的(de)(de)基礎性制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。通過“三(san)權(quan)分(fen)置”等創造性的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du),配套農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)體產權(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)改(gai)革,加上以立法和政策手段來(lai)調(diao)控土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)利(li)(li)(li)用和保(bao)護(hu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民權(quan)益,將有(you)效(xiao)激活農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)發(fa)(fa)展動(dong)力活力,夯實(shi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)建設的(de)(de)“戰略(lve)后(hou)院”,讓農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民利(li)(li)(li)用土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)利(li)(li)(li)可圖、在(zai)(zai)城市打拼進退有(you)據(ju)。

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